MAKETE INTEGRATED RURAL TRANSPORT

Section A

The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of southwestern Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.

Kết quả đáng thất vọng của nhiều dự án giao thông đường bộ thông thường ở Châu Phi đã dẫn đến việc một số chuyên gia để suy nghĩ lại chiến lược để giải quyết vấn đề giao thông nông thôn vào đầu những năm 1980. Yêu cầu hỗ trợ trong việc cải thiện sự hữu dụng của giao thông trong vùng Makete ở phía tây nam của Tanzania đã cho thấy cơ hội để thử một cách tiếp cận mới.

The concept of ‘integrated rural transport’ was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services -through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport – Project (MIRT P) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was coordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.

Khái niệm „giao thông nông thôn tổng hợp‟ đã được thông qua trong nhiệm vụ kiểm tra nhu cầu vận chuyển của các hộ gia đình nông thôn trong huyện. mục tiêu là giảm thời gian và nỗ lực để đạt được các hàng hoá và dịch vụ thiết yếu thông qua hệ thống giao thông nông thôn được cải thiện. giả thuyết cơ bản là tiết kiệm thời gian được sử dụng và thay thế bằng những hoạt động giúp ích cho sự phát triển xã hội và kinh tế của cộng đồng. Dự án The Makete Integrated Rural Transport (MIRTP) bắt đầu năm 1985 với sự hỗ trợ tài chính của Tổng công ty Phát triển Thụy Sỹ và được phối hợp với sự giúp đỡ của chính phủ Tanzania.

Section B

When the project began Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare with the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district, people relied primarily on the paths, which were supper and dangerous during the rains.

Khi dự án bắt đầu, Huyện Makete gần như bị cô lập hoàn toàn vào mùa mưa. Những con đường địa phương có hình dạng xấu đến nỗi việc đi đến các thị trấn chính là không thể trong khoảng ba tháng trong năm. Giao thông đường bộ rất hiếm trong khu vực và các phương tiện vận chuyển thay thế chỉ hạn chế ở việc sử dụng lừa ở phía bắc của huyện. Người dân chủ yếu dựa vào các con đường, mà bị trơn trượt và nguy hiểm trong những cơn mưa.

Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicates that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found- 95% was on foot, 80% was within the locality and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to running mills.

Trước khi các giải pháp có thể được đề xuất, các vấn đề đã được hiểu rõ. Ít người biết về nhu cầu vận chuyển của các hộ gia đình nông thôn, do đó Giai đoạn I, giữa tháng 12 năm 1985 và tháng 12 năm 1987, tập trung vào nghiên cứu. Khảo sát kinh tế xã hội của hơn 400 hộ gia đình trong huyện chỉ ra rằng một gia đình ở Makete đã dành trung bình 7 giờ một ngày để vận chuyển và hàng hoá của họ, một con số có vẻ cực đoan nhưng cũng đã thu được trong các cuộc khảo sát ở các vùng nông thôn khác ở châu Phi. Những sự thật thú vị về vận tải đã được tìm thấy: 95% đi bộ; 80% là trong địa phương; Và 70% liên quan đến việc lấy nước và củi và đi đến các nhà máy nghiền.

Section C

Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden During Phase II. from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.

Sau khi xác định nhu cầu vận chuyển chính, các giải pháp khả thi đã được xác định có thể làm giảm thời gian và gánh nặng. Trong giai đoạn II, từ tháng 1 đến tháng 2 năm 1991, một số phương pháp tiếp cận đã được thực hiện nhằm nâng cao tính lưu động và tiếp cận với giao thông.

An improvement of the rotted network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. Howerer, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.

Cải thiện mạng lưới đường bộ được coi là cần thiết để đảm bảo việc nhập khẩu và xuất khẩu hàng hoá đến huyện. Những cải tiến này được thực hiện bằng cách sử dụng các phương pháp phụ thuộc nặng nề vào nhân công. Ngoài việc cải tiến đường bộ, các phương pháp này đã cung cấp huấn luyện cho hoạt động xưởng cơ khí và các dịch vụ xe buýt và xe tải. Tuy nhiên, sự khác sự khác biệt so với phương pháp truyền thống là lần này, sự cân nhắc được dành cho như cầu vận chuyển của giao thông địa phương ra bên ngoài mạng lưới đường bộ.

Most goods were transported along the paths that provide shortcuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety task and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.

Hầu hết hàng hoá được vận chuyển dọc theo các con đường mà cung cấp các đường tắt lên và xuống ở các sườn đồi, nhưng nhưng những lối đi này thực sự nguy hiểm và làm cho cuộc hành trình đi bộ thậm chí vất vả hơn. Việc cải thiện những lối đi này bằng cách xây bậc thang, lan can và cầu đi bộ là hợp lí.

It was uncommon to fix the means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they are willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys – a donkey costs less than a bicycle – and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.

Thật hiếm khi tìm các phương tiện giao thông vừa hiệu quả hơn đi bộ nhưng vừa ít công nghệ tiên tiến hơn so với phương tiện có động cơ. Việc sử dụng xe đạp bị hạn chế bởi chi phí cao và thiếu phụ tùng sẵn có. Oxen không được sử dụng ở tất cả con lừa đã được sử dụng bởi một số hộ gia đình ở phía bắc của huyện. MIRTP tập trung vào những gì phù hợp nhất và sẵn có cho cư dân Makete, họ có thể đủ khả năng và họ chấp nhận những gì. Sau khi xem xét cẩn thận, dự án đã chọn việc quảng cáo về lừa – 1 con lừa có chi phí ít hơn một chiếc xe đạp – và đưa ra một hướng dẫn về một xe cút kít có thể chế tạo tại địa phương.

Section D

At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete’s transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and most of these activities.

Vào cuối giai đoạn II, rõ ràng là các phương pháp tiếp cận được lựa chọn đối với các vấn đề giao thông của Makete đã có những mức độ thành công khác nhau. Giai đoạn III, từ tháng 3/1991 đến tháng 3/1993, tập trung vào việc sàng lọc và thể chế hoá các hoạt động này.

The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.

Các cải tiến đường bộ và hệ thống bảo trì đi kèm đã giúp giúp trung tâm huyện có thể tiếp cận được trong suốt năm. Các mặt hàng thiết yếu từ bên ngoài huyện đã trở nên sẵn có trên thị trường, và giá cả không dao động nhiều như trước đây.

Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communists who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.

Các lối đi và đường hai làn xe đã được cải thiện theo yêu cầu của các cộng đồng những người sẵn sàng tham gia vào việc thi công và bảo trì. Tuy nhiên, những con đường cải tiến đã gây ấn tượng cho cư dân, và yêu cầu trợ giúp tăng lên rất nhanh ngay sau khi chỉ có một vài cải tiến đã được hoàn thành.

The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut- production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design So that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 500QTanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one-quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.

Những nỗ lực để cải thiện hiệu quả của các dịch vụ vận tải hiện có đã không thành công vì hầu hết các phương tiện có động cơ trong huyện đã bị hỏng hóc và không có nguồn lực để sửa chữa chúng. Ngay cả việc giới thiệu chi phí thấp của các phương tiện vận chuyển rất khó khăn vì sự nghèo đói chung của huyện. xe cút kít được sản xuất địa phương vẫn còn quá đắt đối với tất cả chỉ trừ một vài hộ gia đình. Sửa đổi thiết kế ban đầu bởi các thợ mộc địa phương cắt giảm thời gian và chi phí sản xuất. Các thợ mộc địa phương khác đã được đào tạo về thiết kế mới để họ có thể đáp ứng các yêu cầu. Tuy nhiên, xe cút kít bằng gỗ được sản xuất tại địa phương có chi phí khoảng 5,000 chiếc shilling của Tanzania (ít hơn 20 đô la Mỹ) ở Makete và khoảng một phần tư chi phí của một xe cút kít kim loại, vẫn còn quá đắt đối với hầu hết mọi người.

Donkeys, which were imported to the district have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.

Những con lừa được nhập khẩu vào huyện đã trở nên phổ biến hơn và đóng góp đặc biệt vào việc vận chuyển cây trồng và hàng hoá ra thị trường. Những người mua lừa thì chủ yếu là từ các hộ gia đình giàu có hơn, nhưng với nguồn cung tăng lên thông qua chăn nuôi địa phương, lừa sẽ trở nên giá cả phải chăng hơn. Trong khi đó, các sáng kiến địa phương đang thúc đẩy việc cho thuê những con lừa hiện có.

It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household’s income over half a year. This dearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor

Tuy nhiên, cần phải lưu ý rằng một con lừa, với giá 20,000 shilling ở Tanzania, chi phí ít hơn xe đạp, vẫn là một khoản đầu tư bằng thu nhập của một hộ gia đình trung bình trong nửa năm. Điều này minh hoạ rõ ràng sự cần thiết của các biện pháp bổ sung nếu muốn hỗ trợ người nghèo ở nông thôn.

Section E

It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a top-down approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.

Có thể dễ để chỉ trích MIRTP để sử dụng phương pháp “xét từ trên xuống dưới” trong giai đoạn đầu, trong đó các chuyên gia và quan chức đã đưa ra các quyết định trước khi chuyển lại cho cộng đồng, nhưng sự bắt đầu từ cấp quận là thực sự cần thiết. Khó mà đáp ứng yêu cầu của dân làng và những cư dân ở vùng nông thôn khác mà không có sự giúp đỡ và thấu hiểu của chính quyền quận.

Section F

Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long penned particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.

The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.

Ngày nay, không ai trong huyện tranh luận về tầm quan trọng của cải tiến con đường và các phương tiện giao thông rẻ tiền. Nhưng đây là kết quả của làm việc tận tụy trong một thời gian dài, đặc biệt là từ các nhân viên phụ trách phát triển cộng đồng. Họ đã đóng một vai trò thiết yếu trong việc nâng cao nhận thức và quan tâm của cộng đồng nông thôn. Khái niệm về giao thông nông thôn hội nhập đã được thiết lập tốt ở Tanzania, nơi mà một chương trình giao thông nông thôn chính mới bắt đầu. Những trải nghiệm từ Makete sẽ giúp những chiến lược này, và Khu Makete sẽ đóng vai trò nhưng là một sự gợi ý cho các công việc trong tương lai

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